PREVENTION OF ALZHEIMER'S

Prevention of Alzheimer's

Alzheimer's disease is the most frequent cause of dementia.

Accumulation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the characteristic lesions, which leads to neuronal damage and brain atrophy.

Alzheimer's disease is slowly progressive. It starts several years or decades before the diagnosis of dementia is made and the patients can survive in an advanced stage of dementia, necessitating continuous care for years or decades.Alzheimer's disease causes the suffering of the patients and those also of caring family members and affects the dignity of the patients.
Senile plaues exhibiting red and neurofibrillary tangles green fluorescence (first panel) Thioflavin S fluorescence of senile plaques and tangles (second panel).

Growing number of epidemiological studies in the U.S. and Europe indicate that dementia will be the most intractable problem to confront by our health system in the next decades. Around 5.3 million Americans are diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease today and the estimated prevalence for 2050 is expected to approach 11 to 16 million. The annual direct and indirect costs related to Alzheimer's disease and other dementias are an estimated 148 billion dollars, without the inclusion of an annual 94 billion dollars of unpaid services provided by 10 million caregiversotre.

In Europe these direct and indirect costs are estimated to correspond to 87 billion Euros. It is also expected to double or even triple by 2050.

Alzheimer's disease represents a public health emergency problem around the world, including Switzerland. Based on demographic data the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease is around 100'000 today and similarly to other countries a two or three fold increase is expected during the next decades. Unless treatments to delay or prevent the disease are developed, the world will face an unsustainable care bill by the middle of this century.

Prompt action is needed! In addition to support health care needs, investing heavily in research on Alzheimer's disease and other chronic disorders (e.g. vascular disorders, diabetes etc…) is critical. The goal of the foundation is to prevent Alzheimer's disease and other devastating chronic disorders in the framework of an international effort.

The realization that pathogens can evade from destruction by the host immune system and produce slowly progressive chronic diseases has resulted in a new concept of infectious diseases and opened a new avenue for the treatment and prevention of these chronic disorders.

This "health revolution" started by the studies of Warren and Marshall who following 25 years of continuous research have finally received the Noble prize for their discovery that stomach ulcer is caused by the slightly curved bacterium, called Helicobacter pylori.

Increasing number of recent observations show the involvement of bacteria and viruses in various chronic inflammatory disorders, including atherosclerosis, cardio- and cerebro-vascular disorders, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Activated macrophages and microglial cells are the principal players in this pathogen chronic infection, which leads to slowly progressive parenchymal damage and tissue atrophy.

The fact that pathogens may suppress, subvert or evade host defenses and establish chronic or latent infection has received little attention in the past.

During infection, active oxygen and nitrogen species generated by inflammatory cells can cause DNA damage, induce apoptosis, and modulate enzyme activities and gene expression. Depending upon the biology of the pathogen and the host defense mechanisms the microorganisms can persist in the infected tissues and cause chronic, persistent inflammation and slowly progressive tissue damage. The outcome of infection is as much determined by the genetic predisposition of the patient as by the virulence and biology of the infecting agent. Environmental factors, including stress and nutrition are critical determinants of disease expression as well.

Further research in this direction is essential as these chronic inflammatory disorders affect a large part of the population up to 50 years and represent an enormous socio-economical charge.

The possibility that microorganisms may play a role in senile plaque formation has been discussed by Fischer, Alzheimer and their colleagues more than a century ago.

It has also been known from more than a century that chronic bacterial infection can cause dementia.

The spirochete Treponema pallidum in syphilis, can cause slowly progressive dementia, cortical atrophy and amyloid deposition, which revealed to be beta-amyloid.

Recently it was shown that other types of spirochetes, including Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease are also able to persist in the brain, and cause dementia, brain atrophy and beta-amyloid deposition.

Bacteria, including spirochetes, are powerful stimulators of inflammation and are amyloidogenic and they can initiate and sustain chronic inflammation and amyloid deposition in Alzheimer’s disease. Recent observations also revealed that beta-amyloid, which is the most important biological marker of Alzheimer's disease belongs to the family of antimicrobial peptides (AMP).

The goal of the foundation is to support and accelerate this new emerging field of research on Alzheimer's disease and related chronic inflammatory disorders. Some pathogens have been already analyzed and serological and diagnostic tests for their detection are commercially available. Others still need to be characterized in order to detect and eradicate them.

Treatments presently used for Alzheimer's disease and other chronic inflammatory disorders are mostly symptomatic.

Antibiotics and antiviral drugs for the treatment of bacterial and viral infections are available, however, to optimize available treatments and develop new therapies is essential.

To develop international collaborations, organize symposiums, congresses, and seminars for discussing and exchanging knowledge worldwide is important.

The medical, social, and economical repercussion of such research in the framework of an international effort will be substantial.

The President of the foundation, Judith Miklossy, MD, PhD, is one of the pioneers who contributed to this emerging field of research and has more than 30 years of clinical and research experience in Switzerland, in the US and in Canada.

More details of research related to the activity of Prevention Alzheimer Foundation and Alzheimer Research Center can be seen on the website: www.miklossy.ch

LYME DISEASE CASES SOAR IN TAYSIDE BUT WHERE ELSE?

Lyme Disease in the news :-
The New Scotsman here
Case study: Diagnosed after two-year illness

Scotland on Sunday here
Warning as ticks carry disease south

The Press and Journal here
Tayside revealed as a Lyme disease hotspot as cases soar
visitors warned to take precautions against tick bites, which can cause condition

No surprises here then to those of us who take an interest in Lyme Disease here in the UK - The words seek and ye shall find come to mind.

The most significant thing in these articles I think was in the Press and Journal

Dr Darrell Ho-Yen, of Scotland’s Lyme disease testing service, warns that the number of cases could be as much as 10 times higher despite being a notifiable disease.
He said: “The figures do not take into account wrongly diagnosed cases, tests giving false results, sufferers who weren’t tested, people who are infected but not showing symptoms, failures to notify and infected individuals who don’t consult a doctor.”

I posted earlier on the statistics of Lyme Disease cases in UK here